Placebo effects are increasingly recognized as powerful modulators of health and treatment outcomes 1. ![]() Further studies are needed to test if these findings can be translated into clinical scenarios. These results indicate that added taste may be an easy-to-implement, cost-effective, and safe way to optimize treatment outcomes and that taste-neutral preparations may reduce placebo-related outcome variance in clinical trials. Moreover, placebo treatments were associated with an increase in peak heart rate response to cold water. ![]() This effect was small but accounted for a substantial portion of the overall placebo effect and was comparable to WHO stage 1 analgesic effects. Pain ratings indicated that taste enhances placebo analgesia. ![]() Over three sub-studies, 318 healthy volunteers (297 included) were subjected to experimental tonic cold water pain (cold pressor test) before and after receiving taste-neutral (water), bitter (quinine), sweet (saccharine), or no placebo drops. We conducted a randomized, double-blind, between-group study to investigate how the taste of oral medication affects placebo analgesia.
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